This appendix contains organizational histories of the known resistance movements in the Philippines. Much of this information comes from declassified Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) command’s studies, particularly the one published in 1948 (only 100 copies made) titled The Guerilla Resistance Movement in the Philippines: Volume 1, Intelligence Series.  One of the remaining original documents, derived directly from the compilation of hundreds of intelligence reports, can be found at the MacArthur Memorial Archives in Record Group 16. While this document provides the primary source for this appendix, I have also validated many details from numerous documents within National Archives Record Group 407 and other primary and secondary sources in an attempt to provide the most complete picture; major revisions or updates are identified with footnotes. While this appendix is extensive, it is not inclusive of all movements. For information on President Quezon’s Own Guerillas, Luzon Guerilla Army Forces, the Hukbalahap, Free Panay Guerilla Forces, and the Mindanao Guerilla Resistance Movement, see preceding chapters. 

This appendix contains the names of what the United States referred to as Japanese collaborators, but more appropriately titled here as Philippine government officials. This information primarily derives from a document compiled on 25 September 1944 by Southwest Pacific Area command’s G-2 intelligence section and titled as “Who’s Who in the Philippines.” The document can be found at MacArthur Memorial Archives in Record Group 16. Two other excellent resources include “Personnel of the Philippine Puppet Government” (1 November 1944) and “The Philippines: Finale of the Puppet Government” (9 July 1945), both written by the Office of Strategic Services and found in Carlisle Barracks Archive.  The context and history of the persons mentioned herein have been updated with current sources when possible.

SWPA demonstrated a keen requirement to understand the human terrain in the Philippines, just as much as the geography. This appendix contains the names of prominent Filipino and other international persons most of whom supported resilience activities in the Philippines during World War II. By resilience activities, I mean supporting Philippine governance under Japanese occupation. As might be expected, many of these persons performed similar duties under Japanese occupation (1942-1945) as they had during the Commonwealth period (1935-1941). This appendix does not list members of resistance movements, which can be found in the narrative of Appendix A: “Organizational Histories of Other Philippine Resistance Movements, 1942-1945.”  Most dominant in the demographics listed herein are politicians, lawyers, educators, journalists, military personnel, religious leaders, and businesspersons. Of these, the lawyers/politicians held the most influence in the struggle over governance and legitimacy. When possible, I have updated and validated this information, most often indicated by footnotes. Most of this information derives from a document compiled on 25 September 1944 by Southwest Pacific Area command’s G-2 intelligence section and titled as “Who’s Who in the Philippines.” This information was declassified in 1975. The document can be found at MacArthur Memorial Archives in Record Group 16. Background on these persons are updated with modern sources when possible.